Isolation and Analysis of Stromal Vascular Cells from Visceral Adipose Tissue

Materials and Reagents

1. Pipette tips (USA Scientific)
   
2. 100-mm Petri dish
   
3. 50 ml Falcon tube (Corning, Falcon^®, catalog number: 352070 )
   
4. Nylon biopsy bag (Electron Microscopy Sciences, catalog number: 62324-35 )
   
5. MicroAmp Optical 96-well reaction plate (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Applied Biosystems^TM, catalog number: N8010560 )
   
6. Stromal vascular cells (SVCs)
   
7. 70% ethanol
   
8. BD^TM stabilizing fixative buffer (BD, BD Biosciences, catalog number: 339860 )
   
9. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)
   
10. 2% fetal bovine serum (FBS)
    
11. Antibody
    1. Rabbit monoclonal anti-GAPDH (Cell Signaling Technology, catalog number: 5174 )
       
    2. Rabbit monoclonal anti-Phospho-NF-κB p65 (Cell Signaling Technology, catalog number: 3033 )
       
    3. PE-Cyanine7 anti-mouse F4/80 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, eBioscience^TM, catalog number: 25-4801-82 )
       
    4. Alexa Fluor 488 anti-mouse CD11b (Thermo Fisher Scientific, eBioscience ^TM, catalog number: 53-0112-82 )
       
    5. APC anti-mouse CD11c (Thermo Fisher Scientific, eBioscience^TM , catalog number: 17-0114-82 )
       
    6. PE anti-mouse CD206 (BioLegend, catalog number: 141706 )
       
    7. eVolve-605 anti-mouse CD45 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, eBioscience^TM, catalog number: 83-0451-42 )
       
    8. APC anti-mouse CD19 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, eBioscience^TM , catalog number: 17-0193-82 )
       
12. Trizol reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Invitrogen^TM , catalog number: 15596026 )
    
13. Direct-zol RNA kits (Zymo Research, catalog number: R2070 )
    
14. High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Applied Biosystems^TM, catalog number: 4368813 )
    
15. qPCR primers (Table 1)
    
    Table 1. qPCR primer information
    
    
    
16. SYBR Green PCR Master mix (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Applied Biosystems^TM, catalog number: 4309155 )
    
17. Hanks’ balanced salt solution (HEPES) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number: 15630080 )
    
18. Collagenase II (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: C1764-50MG )
    
19. Bovine serum albumin (BSA)
    
20. Ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl)
    
21. Potassium bicarbonate (KHCO₃)
    
22. 5% EDTA
    
23. Sodium azide (NaN₃)
    
24. Iscove’s Modified Dulbecco’s Medium (IMDM)
    
25. Penicillin-streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco^TM, catalog number. 15140122 )
    
26. Digestion buffer (see Recipes)
    
27. Red blood cell lysis buffer (see Recipes)
    
28. FACS staining buffer (see Recipes)
    
29. Complete culture medium (see Recipes)

Equipment

1. Pipettes
   
2. Mortar and pestle
   
3. Curved scissors
   
4. New Brunswick Scientific 12400 incubator shaker (Eppendorf, model: New Brunswick^TM 124 )
   
5. Eppendorf centrifuge 5810R (Eppendorf, model: 5810 R )
   
6. TC20 automated cell counter (Bio-Rad Laboratories, model: TC20^TM, catalog number: 1450102 )
   
7. BD FACSCanto flow cytometry analyzer
   
8. StepOnePlus Real-Time PCR System (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Applied Biosystems^TM, model: StepOnePlus^TM , catalog number: 4376600)
   
9. DNA Engine Peltier Thermal Cycler (Bio-Rad Laboratories, model: PTC-200 )
   
10. NanoDrop 1000 Spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, model: NanoDrop^TM 1000 )
    

Software

1. FlowJo
   
2. GraphPad Prism
   

Procedure

1. Isolation of stromal vascular cells (SVCs) from adipose tissue (Figure 1)
   
   
   Figure 1. Scheme for isolation of stromal vascular cells from adipose tissue
   
   
   1. Male mice with 18-20 weeks age were euthanized following the ICCUAC approval protocol.
      
   2. After thoroughly wet the fur with 70% ethanol and then open the thoracic cavity, epididymal fat tissues were collected and weighed.
      
   3. Mince fat tissues on a 100-mm Petri dish by using a curved scissor.
      
   4. Transfer minced tissues to a 50 ml Falcon tube containing digestion buffer (HBSS containing 2% BSA and 100 mM HEPES).
      
   5. Add 10 ml digestion buffer (see Recipes) per 1 g fat tissue.
      
   6. Incubate in an incubator shaker (secure the tubes horizontally) at 220 rpm for 10 min, 37 °C (no chunk tissue represents complete digestion).
      
   7. Add equal volume of complete culture medium and mix to cease the digestion.
      
   8. Filter through a nylon biopsy bag (pore size = 250 µm) into a new 50 ml Falcon tube.
      
   9. Centrifuge at 1,500 x g at 4 °C for 10 min.
      
   10. Decant the supernatant and re-suspend cell pellet in 1 ml of PBS/2% FBS.
       
   11. Add 2 ml of red blood cell lysis buffer (see Recipes) (1:2) and mix.
       
   12. Incubate on ice for 10 min.
       
   13. Add 3 ml of complete medium (1:1) and mix.
       
   14. Centrifuge at 1,000 x g for 5 min, 4 °C.
       
   15. Decant the supernatant.
       
   16. SVCs are resuspended with 0.5 ml of PBS/2% FBS and then counted using the TC20 automated cell counter. Cell concentration is adjusted to 2 x 10⁶ cells per ml, and the cells are ready for the downstream experiments.
       
       
2. Flow cytometry analysis
   1. Prepare 0.5-1 x 10⁶ SVCs and resuspend in FACS staining buffer (see Recipes).
      
   2. Stain SVCs with the fluorescent-conjugated antibodies (Materials and Reagents #11) following the manufacturer’s instruction.
      
   3. Incubate for 15 min at RT (light sensitive; keep in the dark).
      
   4. Add 1 ml FACS staining buffer.
      
   5. Centrifuge at 1,000 x g for 5 min, 4 °C.
      
   6. Decant the supernatant.
      
   7. Re-suspend with 100-200 µl FACS staining buffer.
      Option: Cells can be stored in BD^TM stabilizing fixative buffer up to 3 days at 4 °C and then used for FACS analysis.
      
   8. Then the sample is ready for flow cytometry analysis (Figure 2) or specific immune cell isolation by cell sorter.
      
      
      Figure 2. Flow cytometry analysis of immune cells of visceral adipose tissue (VAT). The SVCs were stained with fluorescent-conjugated antibodies against CD11b, F4/80, CD11c, CD206, CD19, and then examined by flow cytometry analysis. A. Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) were defined as CD11b⁺F4/80⁺ subpopulations and displayed as percentage of CD45⁺ cells. B. M1 and M2 ATMs were defined as CD11b⁺F4/80⁺CD11c⁺CD206^- and CD11b⁺F4/80⁺CD11c^-CD206⁺, respectively. These cell populations were shown as percentage of ATMs. C. B cells were defined as CD45⁺CD19⁺ and the cell population was presented as the percentage of CD45⁺ cells.
      
      
3. RT-PCR
   1. SVCs are resuspended in Trizol (add 100 µl Trizol reagent to < 10⁵ cells; add 300 µl Trizol reagent to < 10⁶ cells) and incubated for 5 min at room temperature (RT).
      
   2. After centrifugation at 1,000 x g for 5 min (RT), transfer the supernatant to a new tube.
      
   3. Total RNAs are isolated using Direct-zol RNA kits.
      
   4. RNA concentration is measured by NanoDrop 1000 spectrophotometer.
      
   5. RNAs (500 ng) are converted to cDNA using High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit.
      
   6. The reverse transcription reactions are under the thermal cycling program: 25 °C for 10 min, then 37 °C for 120 min, then 85 °C for 5 min, and then 4 °C.
      
   7. The cDNA is mixed primers and SYBR Green PCR Master Mix in the MicroAmp Optical 96-well reaction plate.
      
   8. The real time PCR (qPCR) reaction is ran under the thermal cycling condition: 95 °C for 10 min, then 40 cycles (95 °C for 15 sec, and then 60 °C for 1 min).
      
   9. The RT-PCR results show that lean SVCs exhibit greater arginase 1 expression but less TNFα abundance than obese SVCs (Figures 3A and 3B).
      
      
      Figure 3. Inflammatory status of SVCs by RT-PCR analysis and Western blots. There was less arginase 1 (A) but more TNFα (B) abundance in obese SVCs, compared to the lean SVCs (qPCR primer information see Table 1). C. Activation of NF-κB signalling pathway of SVCs (without stimulation) was evaluated by Western blotting analysis (Antibodies information see Materials and Reagents #11). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. n = 3 per group. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, Student’s t-test.
      
      
4. Western blots
   See previous article by Zhang, 2011. The Western blotting analysis indicates that obese SVCs have higher level of phosphorylated P65 than lean SVCs (Figure 3C).
   

Recipes

1. Digestion buffer (prepare freshly), 50 ml
   50 ml HBSS
   50 mg collagenase II
   100 mg BSA
   100 mM HEPES
   
2. Red blood cell lysis buffer (10x), 1 L
   PBS (without calcium and magnesium)
   8.3 g ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) (150 mM)
   1.0 g potassium bicarbonate (KHCO₃) (10 mM)
   1.8 ml of 5% EDTA (0.1 mM)
   
3. FACS staining buffer, 100 ml
   98 ml PBS (without calcium and magnesium)
   2 ml FBS
   0.1 g NaN₃
   
4. Complete culture medium
   500 ml Iscove’s modified Dulbecco’s medium (IMDM)
   50 ml FBS
   5 ml penicillin-streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific)
   

Acknowledgments

This protocol was adapted from Ying et al. (2017). This study was funded by the American Heart Association (16POST31350039 to W. Ying), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81600610 to W. Ying).

References

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