Detection of Antigen-specific T cells in Spleens of Vaccinated Mice Applying ³[H]-Thymidine Incorporation Assay and Luminex Multiple Cytokine Analysis Technology

Materials and Reagents

1. Pipettes tips: 0.5-10 μl, 10-200 μl, 200-1,000 μl (Greiner Bio-One, catalog numbers: 771291, 739290, 740290)
2. 50 ml sterile conical tube (Thermo Fischer Scientific, catalog number: 339652)
3. 15 ml sterile conical tube (Thermo Fischer Scientific, catalog number: 339650)
4. Disposable sterile pipettes: 2 ml, 5 ml, 10 ml (Greiner Bio-One, catalog numbers: 710180, 606180, 607180)
5. 96-well sterile cell culture U-bottom plate (Greiner Bio-One, catalog number: 650180)
6. 24-well sterile cell culture plate (Greiner Bio-One, catalog number: 662160)
7. 5 ml syringe (Terumo, catalog number: SS+05S21381)
8. 70 μm Nylon Cell strainer (Falcon, catalog number: 352350)
9. Petri dishes (Greiner Bio-One, catalog number: 664102)
10. Eppendorf tubes (Greiner Bio-One, catalog number: 616201)
11. Glass fiber filtermat (PerkinElmer, catalog number:1205-401)
12. Sample Bags for Microbeta (PerkinElmer, catalog number: 1405-432)
13. 0.22 μm filter (Merck Millipore, catalog number: SLGV004SL)
14. BALB/c female mice, 6-8 weeks old (Department of Animal Models for Biomedical Research, Hellenic Pasteur Institute)
15. Antigens of interest. For the purposes of the present protocol re-stimulation of spleen cells was conducted with multi-epitope peptides (i.e., CPA_160-198 and EF-2_1-137) contained in experimental vaccines against parasite Leishmania developed in our laboratory 
16. RPMI-1640 (Biowest, catalog number: L0501-500)
17. HEPES (Biowest, catalog number: L0180-100)
18. Penicillin-streptomycin (100x) (Biowest, catalog number: L0022-100)
19. L-glutamine (100x) (Biowest, catalog number: X0550-100)
20. Fetal bovine serum Premium (FBS) (catalog number: LSB-015S)
21. Trypan blue for vital staining (B.D.H., catalog number: 34078)
22. Ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl), ACS reagent, ≥ 99.5% (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 213330)
23. Potassium bicarbonate (KHCO₃), ACS reagent, ≥ 99.7% (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 237205)
24. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution, 1 M (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number 150696)
25. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dehydrate (Na₂EDTA), ACS reagent, 99.0-101.0% (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: E4884)
26. Sodium chloride 99.9% (NaCl) (Applichem, catalog number: 381659)
27. Potassium chloride (KCl), ACS reagent, ≥ 99.0% (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 746336)
28. Sodium phosphate dibasic (Na₂HPO₄), ACS reagent, ≥ 99.0% (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 795410)
29. Potassium phosphate monobasic (KH₂PO₄), ACS reagent, ≥ 99.0% (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number: 795488)
30. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, 1 M (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number 79724)
31. Concanavalin A from Canavalia ensiformis (Sigma-Aldrich, catalog number C5275)
32. Thymidine, [methyl-³H] (PerkinElmer, catalog number: NET27X001MC)
33. Scintillation fluid (PerkinElmer, catalog number: 1200-439)
34. Milliplex^® MAP Kit (MerckMillipore Corporation, catalog number: MCYTOMAG-70K)
35. (Optional) Array Mouse Th1/Th2 Cytokine Kit (BD Biosciences, catalog number: 551287); LEGENDplex Mouse Th1/Th2 Panel (8-plex) (Biolegend, catalog number: 740750); FlowCytomix mouse Th1/Th2 10plex (Bender MedSystems, catalog number: BMS720FF)
36. Ammonium chloride lysis solution (ACK, pH 7.2) (see Recipes, page 10)
37. Phosphate-buffered saline, 10x (PBS, pH 7.2) (see Recipes, page 10)
38. Complete RPMI medium (see Recipes, page 10)
39. Concanavalin A stock solution (see Recipes, page 10)
40. 0.4% (w/v) Trypan blue exclusion dye (see Recipes, page 10)
    

Equipment

1. Dressing scissor straight sharp with blunt forceps, skylar dressing forcep and forcep full curved, all kept sterile with 70% ethanol
2. Gilson Pipettes (P-10, P-20, P-200, P-1000)
3. Multichannel pipette (Nichiryo, Nichipet 7000)
4. Neubauer counting chamber (Paul Marienfeld GmbH & Co.)
5. CO₂ incubator (New Brunswick, Galaxy 170S)
6. Laminar flow hood (Telstar, Bio-II-A)
7. Refrigerated centrifuge (Centurion Scientific Ltd, PrO-Research)
8. Light microscope (Olympus, BH)
9. Water bath (LabTech, LSB-015S)
10. Combi cell harvester (Skatron Instruments, 11025/11028)
11. Microplate scintillation and luminescence counter (Wallac, Microbeta 1450 Trilux)
12. Luminex^® 200^TM System with xPONENT^® Software (Life Technologies, Novex^®)
    

Software

1. Cytokine production data were analyzed using the xPONENT^® software (Luminex)
2. Statistical tests were performed using GraphPad Prism v6 software
   Note: The different groups were compared using One-way ANOVA with the Tukey’s multiple comparison test, comparing all groups with the non-vaccinated mice group.
   

Procedure

1. Isolation of white-blood cells from spleen
   1. Take the spleen from each vaccinated mouse at pre-determined time points under aseptic conditions.
      Note: The time points selected for the evaluation of vaccination-induced cellular immune responses vary according to the vaccination protocol followed in each lab. Usually, spleens are obtained at the end of vaccination protocol (i.e., 2 weeks post last injection) in order to detect the existence of antigen-specific memory and effector T cell populations.
   2. Under a sterile biosafety cabinet, put each spleen into a Petri dish containing 5 ml of complete RPMI medium.
   3. Using a circular motion, press spleen against the bottom of the dish with the plunger of a 5 ml syringe until mostly fibrous tissue remains (Figure 1).
   4. Filter cells to avoid tissue debris by passing cell suspension through a 70 μm Nylon Cell strainer into a 15 ml sterile conical tube (Figure 1).
      
      
      Figure 1. Representative procedure of spleen cells isolation
      
      
   5. Wash the spleen cells suspension with complete RPMI medium by centrifugation at 350 x g for 10 min at 4 °C.
   6. Discard the supernatant and resuspend cells in 3 ml of ice-cold ACK to lyse red blood cells. 
   7. Incubate for 5 min at room temperature with occasional shaking.
   8. Stop lysis reaction by adding complete RPMI medium to a final volume of 10 ml.
   9. Wash twice the cells with complete RPMI medium by centrifugation at 350 x g for 10 min at 4 °C.
   10. Discard the supernatant and resuspend cells in 5 ml of complete RPMI medium.
   11. Mix 10 to 20 μl of cell suspension to Trypan blue exclusion dye in an Eppendorf tube to a final dilution of cells of 1:10 or 1:20. Allow mixture to incubate about for 3 min at room temperature. Apply a drop of trypan blue/cell mixture to a Neubauer chamber.
       Note: Cells should be re-suspended in serum-free medium since serum proteins stain with Trypan blue and produce misleading results. Also, the final dilution of cells in Trypan blue dye depends on the approximate number of cells present. If the sample is not diluted enough, the cells will be too crowded and difficult to count. If it is too dilute, the sample size will not be enough to make strong inferences about the concentration in the original mixture. By performing a redundant test on a second chamber, the results can be compared. Thus, the aliquot should contain a convenient number of cells to count in a Neubauer. Usually, 1:10 final dilution of cells is suitable when a spleen is dispersed to a 5 ml RPMI. 
   12. Count separately the unstained (viable) and stained (nonviable) cells under a light microscope.
       Note: Trypan blue exclusion test is based on the principle that living cells possess intact membranes that exclude certain dyes such as Trypan blue, whereas dead cells do not. Thus, a viable cell will have a clear cytoplasm whereas a nonviable will have a blue cytoplasm. Also, caution is needed to the time the cells are left with the dye since longer incubation periods will lead to cell death and reduced viability counts. For that reason, cells should be counted within 3 to 5 min of mixing with Trypan blue. 
   13. Determine cells per ml by the following calculations:
       Cells/ml = average count per square x dilution factor x 10⁴
       Total cells = cells/ml x total original volume of cell suspension from which sample was taken
       Routinely, one mouse spleen gives about 1 x 10⁸ splenocytes.
       Note: Splenocytes recoveries vary significantly with age, gender and strain of mice.
   14. Resuspend cells in complete RPMI medium-10% FBS at a final concentration of 2 x 10⁶ cells/ml.
       
       
       
2. Proliferation assay
   1. For the assay incorporate the following controls:
      1. No antigen stimulation (negative control; splenocytes in complete RPMI-10% FBS only).
      2. Positive control with a lymphocyte mitogen (splenocytes with the mitogen Concanavalin A). 
   2. Prepare 2-fold dilution series on the antigens of choice in 15 ml conical tubes using complete RPMI-10% FBS. The recommended dilutions are: 20, 10 and 5 μg/ml. 
   3. Plate cells in a 96-well U-bottom cell culture plate. Consider 2 x 10⁵ splenocytes per well (i.e., 100 μl of splenocyte suspension). Each condition should be assayed in triplicate.
      Note: When using unfractionated splenocytes from recently primed mice, usually 1 x 10⁵-5 x 10⁵ cells are plated per well in order to have a significant proliferation assay. In this case, unfractionated splenocytes contain accessory cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells that serve as antigen-presenting cells of the added antigen as well as a source of secondary signals to responder T cells, thus enhancing their proliferative response. 
   4. Add 100 μl of diluted antigens or ConA per well to a final volume of 200 μl per well. Final antigen concentrations should correspond to 10, 5 and 2.5 μg/ml for antigens and 3 μg/ml for ConA.
   5. To negative controls add 100 μl of complete RPMI-10% FBS.
   6. Incubate for 72 h at 37 °C, 5% CO₂, 95% humidity.
   7. Add 25 μl of diluted [³H]-Thymidine to complete RPMI per well corresponding to 0.5 μCi per well. [³H]-Thymidine should be added gently as a drop, without mixing in the well so as not to disrupt cell clusters (Figure 2).
      Note: [³H]-Thymidine is a radioactive material. All the procedures need to be done with dedicated incubators, hoods and pipettes in certified laboratories. Consult material safety data for proper handling instructions and get training to work with radioactive materials. 
   8. Incubate for 18 h at 37 °C, 5% CO₂, 95% humidity.
      Note: Incubation time is dependent on cell number used. 
   9. Lyse cells and harvest their labeled DNA onto glass-fiber filtermats using a semi-automated cell-harvester. Let dry filtermats at a dry oven for about 30 min at 60 °C.
   10. Put filters into bags and add scintillation fluid with a disposable plastic pipette.
   11. Seal bags and count [³H]-Thymidine incorporation in a beta-scintillation counter.
       
       
       Figure 2. Representative images of A) spleen cell cultures that do not proliferate (complete medium only) and B) spleen cell cultures that proliferate in response to Concanavalin A. Proliferating T cell clusters are indicated by arrows. Magnification 20x.
       
       
       
3. Cytokine detection
   1. Dilute antigens in complete RPMI -10% FBS beginning from as described above.
   2. Plate cells in a 24-well cell culture plate. Consider 4 x 10⁶ splenocytes per well (i.e., resuspend cells so as 4 x 10⁶ cells would be in 500 μl of complete RPMI-10% FBS). Each condition should be assayed at least in duplicate.
   3. Add 500 μl of diluted antigens per well to a final volume of 1 ml per well. Final antigen concentrations correspond to 10 μg/ml.
   4. To negative controls add 500 μl of complete RPMI-10% FBS.
   5. Incubate for 72 h at 37 °C, 5% CO₂, 95% humidity.
   6. Collect supernatants to Eppendorf tubes and centrifuge at 2,330 x g for 5 min at 4 °C to remove cellular debris.
   7. Collect cell-free supernatants into new Eppendorf tubes and store at -70 °C until used.
   8. On the day of analysis, thaw samples at room temperature. Measure cytokine production with the mouse 5-plex Luminex panel (IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-10) following exactly the outlined protocol in the Milliplex manual.
      Note: Avoid multiple (> 2) thawing-freezing cycles since it would cause protein degradation leading to cytokine production underestimation. Also, in some cases culture supernatants may require a dilution in the case of samples with cytokine concentrations above the dynamic range of the assay (range over which there is a linear relationship between the cytokine concentration and the absorbance reading).
   9. Run the samples on the Luminex^® 200^TM system with xPONENT^® software according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
      Note: In the case of not having a Luminex multi-analyte profiling system, a cytometric bead array that it is compatible with flow cytometers can be used as an alternative, i.e., Cytometric Bead Array Mouse Th1/Th2 Cytokine Kit (BD Biosciences), LEGENDplex Mouse Th1/Th2 Panel (8-plex) (Biolegend), FlowCytomix mouse Th1/Th2 10plex (Bender MedSystems).

Data analysis

Lymphoproliferation assay:

1. [³H]-Thymidine incorporation is given as counts per minute (cpm) (Figure 3A). Compute the data as the difference in cpm of stimulated (experimental or ConA pulsed) and control (medium) cultures. This is done by subtracting mean of cpm from triplicate control cultures from the arithmetic mean of the cpm from corresponding stimulated cultures. The results are referred to as “∆cpm” (Table 1, Figure 3B).
2. Otherwise, compute the data as the ratio of cpm of stimulated and control cultures. This is done by dividing the arithmetic mean from stimulated cultures by the arithmetic mean of cpm from control cultures. The results are referred to “SI” stimulation index (Table1, Figure 3C).
   Note: SI computation has the disadvantage that small changes in background values will result in large changes in SI and should be interpreted with caution.
   
   Table 1. [³H]-Thymidine incorporation is given as counts per minute (cpm) from one representative experiment. Spleen cells obtained from immunized mice were treated with either complete medium, 3 and 6 μg/ml ConA or 10, 20 and 40 μg/ml CPA_160-189 or 5 μg/ml N-LiEF-2. Data are means ± S.D. from three replicates for each condition.
   
   
   
   Figure 3. Typical graphs of splenocytes proliferation depicted as A) [³H]-Thymidine incorporation, B) Δcpm and C) Stimulation index (SI). Spleen cells obtained from immunized mice were treated with either complete medium, 3 and 6 μg/ml ConA or 10, 20 and 40 μg/ml CPA_160-189 or 12.5 μg/ml CPA_160-189. Data are means ± S.D. from three replicates for each condition.
   
   Cytokine detection:
   For cytokine analysis, for each sample is calculated the mean of the negative control that is considered the background value (spleen cells in complete medium only) (Table 2). Then, the mean of cytokine production in the presence of antigenic stimulus for each sample is calculated (Table 2). In order to estimate antigen-specific cytokine production, the mean background value is subtracted from the mean value obtained after stimulation (Figure 4).
   
   Table 2. Representative experiment of cytokine production. Spleen cells obtained from non-immunized and immunized mice were treated with either complete medium, or 5 μg/ml N-LiEF-2. Data are means ± S.D. from three replicates for each condition.
   
   
   
   Figure 4. Representative figure demonstrating antigen (N-LiEF-2)-specific IL-2, IFN-γ and TNFα production after splenocytes ex vivo stimulation with complete culture medium or 5 μg/ml N-LiEF-2 for 72 h. Data are means ± S.D. from three replicates for each condition.

Notes

1. Proliferative assays should be used solely as general indicators of T cell reactivity, since this method only detects dividing cells instead of measuring true effector T cell function. Since the majority of T cells contained in splenocyte culture respond to the added stimuli and thus produce IL-2 upon activation, differences in responsiveness in a proliferative assay in part reflect differences in IL-2 by the responding T cells. Thus, proliferative assays become more meaningful when combined with cytokine detection assays.
2. Parameters affecting the magnitude of spleen cell proliferative responses as well as cytokine production are cell concentration and density, the source and amount of serum, type and concentration of stimuli/mitogen, mouse strain and the duration of culture. The microculture system is especially sensitive to cell and mitogen concentration due to the small volumes used in culture. Thus, accuracy in cell counting and in mitogen dilution is critical for obtaining optimal results. Moreover, due to the variability of serum, several lots should be tested keeping all the other conditions (cell concentration, duration of culture and mitogen concentration) stable and the one which gives the lowest control stimulation and the best support of mitogen stimulation should be chosen for use. Also, as is the case with serum, several lots of ConA should be tested and in various concentrations by keeping the cell number stable, in order to choose the one that gives the maximal cell stimulation.
   

Recipes

1. Ammonium chloride lysis solution (ACK, pH 7.2)
   1. Dissolve 8.29 g NH₄Cl, 1 g KHCO₃ and 37.2 mg Na₂EDTA to 900 ml distilled water
   2. Adjust pH to 7.2 with 1 M HCl and bring volume to 1 L with distilled water
   3. Filter sterilize with 0.22 μm filter
   4. Store at 4 °C
2. Phosphate-buffered saline, 10x (PBS, pH 7.2)
   1. Dissolve 80 g NaCl, 2 g KCl, 11.5 g Na₂HPO₄ and 2 g KH₂PO₄ to 800 ml distilled water
   2. Adjust pH to 7.2 with 1 M HCl or 1 M NaOH depending on the acquired pH and bring volume to 1 L with distilled water
   3. Filter sterilize with 0.22 μm filter
   4. Store at 4 °C
3. Complete RPMI medium
   1. L-glutamine stock
      Supplied as 100 ml at 200 mM concentration (100x) stored at -20 °C
      Thaw and disperse into 5 ml aliquots
      Store at -20 °C until used
   2. Penicillin-streptomycin
      Supplied as 100 ml at 10,000 U/ml-10,000 μg/ml concentration (100x) stored at -20 °C
      Thaw and disperse into 5 ml aliquots
      Store at -20 °C until used
   3. Preparation of complete medium
      Add 5 ml L-glutamine, 5 ml penicillin-streptomycin and 5 ml HEPES to 500 ml RPMI-1640 medium
      Store at 4 °C
      When needed, take the appropriate volume of complete medium and add FBS to a final concentration of 10% (v/v)
   4. Fetal bovine serum (FBS)
      Thaw and dispense into 35 ml aliquots
      Heat-inactivate at 56 °C in a water-bath under constant agitation
      Store at -20 °C until used
4. Concanavalin A stock solution
   Add 1 ml PBS to the Concanavalin A powder to a final concentration of 5 mg/ml
   Aliquot in volumes of 50 μl
   Store at -20 °C till 3 years
   Note: Concanavalin A is a mannose-binding plant lectin that has been primarily typified as a potent T cell mitogen serving as positive control in proliferation assays. Alternatively, PHA can substitute Concanavalin A. PMA/ionomycin stimulation induces polyclonal stimulation i.e., myeloid cells, B and T cells, and this works better when purified lymphocytes are used.
5. 0.4% (w/v) Trypan blue exclusion dye
   Dissolve 0.4 g to 100 ml PBS
   Filter sterilize
   

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Action “KRIPIS I” (MIS 450598) co-financed by European Union and the Greek Ministry of Education and Religion Affairs under the Operational Strategic Reference Framework (NSFR 2007-2013) and the General Secretariat of Research and Technology (GSRT). The protocols were adapted from Agallou et al. (2014 and 2018).
  The proliferation assay was originally developed by Strong et al. (1973) and has over the years been modified by several groups to detect antigen-specific proliferation.

Competing interests

Both authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethics

The experimental protocol has been positively evaluated by the Institutional Protocol Evaluation Committee and was licensed by the Official Veterinary Authorities of Attikis Prefecture. The maintenance of laboratory mice and in vivo studies were performed in SPF (Specific Pathogens Free) conditions at the approved establishments of Department of Animal Models for Biomedical Research, Hellenic Pasteur Institute under the registered codes EL25BIO011, EL25BIO012 and EL25BIO013. Animals were housed at room temperature 22 ± 2 °C, relative humidity 40-70% and 12 h light/12 h dark cycle. All procedures complied to PD 56/2013 and European Directive 2010/63/EU, welfare and ethical use of laboratory animals based on 3+1R: Replacement, Reduction, Refinement and Respect and the guidelines of PREPARE (Planning Research and Experimental Procedures on Animals: Recommendations for Excellence), ARRIVEs and ARRIGE (Association for Responsible Research and Innovation in Genome Editing). Animals’ welfare was assessed by the competent users and was supervised daily by the members of Institutional Welfare Body.

References

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